PODESAVANJA BOOT.INI i MULTIBOOT-a
posted by Goran Mijailovic
Using BOOT.INI Startup Switches (Windows NT/2000/XP)

Windows NT, 2000 and XP use a configuration file called BOOT.INI to control how the operating system is booted and any startup options. By modifying the startup switches you can manage the boot process including booting Windows in Safe mode, creating a log file, or disabling the splash screen.

Open you the root partition of your hard drive (normally C:\) and find the file called "BOOT.INI". You may need to enable hidden files under Folder > Options.

Right-click on the file, select Properties and uncheck "Read-only" then click OK. You may like to make a backup of the file at this point to allow you to restore if you experience problems.

Open the file in Notepad and under the [operating systems] section you will find a list of all the installed operating systems. For example:

multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition" /fastdetect

To enable or disable startup options simply change or add any of the switches listed below to the default command-line. For example you could add "/SOS" to the command-line above to display the splash screen and view the drivers being loaded.

/3GB - New to Service Pack 3. This causes the split between user and system portions of the Windows NT map to become 3GB for user applications, 1GB for System. To take advantage of this the system must be part of the NT Enterprise suite and the application must be flagged as a 3GB aware application.

/BASEVIDEO - The computer starts up using the standard VGA video driver. Use this if you have installed a graphics driver that is not working.

/BAUDRATE - Specifies the baud rate to be used for debugging. If you do not set the baud rate, the default baud rate is 9600 if a modem is attached, and 19200 for a null-modem cable.

/BOOTLOG - Makes 2000 write a log of the boot to the file %SystemRoot%\NTBTLOG.TXT Windows 2000/XP Only.

/BURNMEMORY=x - Makes NT forget about the given amount of memory in MB. If /burnmemory=64 was given then 64MB of memory would be unavailable.

/CRASHDEBUG - The debugger is loaded when you start Windows NT, but remains inactive unless a Kernel error occurs. This mode is useful if you are experiencing random, unpredictable Kernel errors.

/DEBUG - The debugger is loaded when you start Windows NT, and can be activated at any time by a host debugger connected to the computer. This is the mode to use when you are debugging problems that are regularly reproducible.

/DEBUGPORT=comx - Specifies the com port to use for debugging, where x is the communications port that you want to use.

/FASTDETECT - Specifying FASTDETECT causes NTDETECT to skip parallel and serial device enumeration for a boot into Win2K, whereas omitting the switch has NTDETECT perform enumeration for a boot into NT 4.0. Win2K setup automatically recognizes dual-boot configurations and sets this switch for BOOT.INI lines that specify a Win2K boot. Windows 2000/XP Only.

/HAL=<hal> - Allows you to override the HAL used, for example using a checked version.

/INTAFFINITY - Sets the multiprocessor HAL (HALMPS.DLL) to set interrupt affinities such that only the highest numbered processor in an SMP will receive interrupts. Without the switch the HAL defaults to its normal behavior of letting all processors receive interrupts. Windows 2000/XP Only.

/KERNEL=<kernel> - Same as above but for the kernel.

/MAXMEM:n - Specifies the maximum amount of RAM that Windows NT can use. This switch is useful if you suspect a memory chip is bad.

/NODEBUG - No debugging information is being used.

/NOGUIBOOT - When this option is specified the VGA video driver responsible for presenting bit mapped graphics during Win2K's boot process is not initialized. The driver is used to display boot progress information, as well as to print the Blue Screen crash screen, so disabling it will disable Win2K's ability to do those things as well. Windows 2000/XP only.

/NOSERIALMICE=[COMx | COMx,y,z...] - Disables serial mouse detection of the specified COM port(s). Use this switch if you have a component other than a mouse attached to a serial port during the startup sequence. If you use /NOSERIALMICE without specifying a COM port, serial mouse detection is disabled on all COM ports.

/NUMPROC=n - Only enables the first n processors on a multiple processor system.

/ONECPU - Only use the first CPU in a multiple processor system.

/PCILOCK - Stops Windows NT from dynamically assigning IO/IRQ resources to PCI devices and leaves the devices configured by the BIOS.

/SAFEBOOT - This is an automatic switch which NTLDR should complete for you when you use the F8 menu to perform a safe boot. Following the colon in the option you must specify one of three additional switches: MINIMAL, NETWORK, or DSREPAIR. The MINIMAL and NETWORK flags correspond to safe boot with no network and safe boot with network support. The safe boot is a boot where Windows 2000/XP only loads drivers and services that are specified by name or group in the Minimal or Network Registry keys under HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\SafeBoot. The DSREPAIR (Directory Services Repair) switch causes NT to boot into a mode where it restores the Active Directory from a backup medium you present. An additional option that you can append is "(ALTERNATESHELL)". This tells NT to use the program specified by HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\SafeBoot\AlternateShell as the graphical shell, rather than to use the default which is Explorer. Windows 2000/XP only.

/SOS - Displays the driver names while they are being loaded. Use this switch if Windows NT won’t start up and you think a driver is missing. This option is configured by default on the [VGA] option on the boot menu.

/WIN95 - This switch is only pertinent on a triple-boot system that has DOS, Win9x and Windows NT installed. Specifying the /WIN95 switch directs NTLDR to boot the Win9x boot sector stored in BOOTSECT.W40. See Microsoft KB Article Q157992 for more information.

/WIN95DOS - This switch is only pertinent on a triple-boot system that has DOS, Win9x and Windows NT installed. Specifying the /WIN95DOS switch directs NTLDR to boot the DOS boot sector stored in BOOTSECT.DOS. See Microsoft KB Article Q157992 for more information.

/YEAR= - Specifying this value causes NT/Windows 2000 core time function to ignore the year that the computer's real-time clock reports and instead use the one indicated. Thus, the year used in the switch affects every piece of software on the system, including the NT kernel. Example: /YEAR=2005. Note: this option is only available on NT 4.0 Service Pack 4 and Windows 2000/XP.
Save the file and restart Windows for the change to take effect.

Ovako izgleda boot.ini za sve one kojima se XP nalazi na C, a 98-ica na D particiji:

Ovako izgleda boot.ini za instalirani XP na c: particiji:

PODESAVANJE MULTIBOOT-a - Windows, Linux, BSD
posted by Mihailo

Multiboot HOWTO v1.0

Potrebno: boot disketa sa disk managerom (npr. PQ PartitionMagic boot disk ili Ranish parition manager)

Upozorenje: nemojte da koristite DOS/Windows 9x fdisk i obavezno pravite boot diskete za svaki sistem kada vam ponudi u toku instalacije ili posle.


Windows 95/98/ME (9x) i Windows NT/2000/XP (NT)

Windows 9x moraju da budu instalirani na primary particiji, dok Windows NT mogu da budu instalirani i na primary i na extended particiji (odnosno logical drive-u, pošto se extended particija deli na logical drives, kojih može da bude koliko hoćete). Ukupno možete imati 4 primary particije, odnosno 3 primary i 1 extended. Za svaki Windows 9x vam treba po jedna primary particija, dok vam za svaki Windows NT treba ili jedna primary ili logical drive. Nemojte da instalirate dva OS-a na jednu particiju, to se ne pokazuje kao dobra praska.

Uzećemo primer da vam treba Windows 9x, Windows 2000 i Windows XP. Preporučuje se da Windows 9x bude na prvoj, odnosno primary i active particiji. Prvo treba podeliti HD na particije. U ovom slučaju, najbolje je da podelite HD na sledeći način:

C: (primary) Windows 9x, FAT ? active, NT loader
* : (extended)
D: (logical) Windows 2000, NTFS
E: (logical) Windows XP, NTFS

Ovi redom instalirate i OS-eve, nikakva dalja podešavanja nisu potrebna.

Moguće je da Windows 9x ne bude na boot particiji (mora da bude primarna). Recimo da ste instalirali Winodws 2000 na prvoj (primary, boot) partciji. Zatim Windows XP na extended (logical) i njih podiže NT loader. Napravite još jednu primary particiju pomoću disk managra i formatirajte je kao FAT. Nije loše da date imena particijama (C:label _ime_) jer Windows 9x neće videti NTFS particije, pa će vam kada radite iz njega diskovi biti drugačije označeni, recimo E: iz Windows NT će biti C: u Windowsu 9x.

C: (primary) Windows 2000, NTFS - active
* : (extended)
D: (logical) Windows XP, NTFS
E: (primary) Windows 9x, FAT - active dok se instalira Win 9x +

Kada instalirate Windows 2000 i XP, postavite E particiju za aktivnu (pomoću disk managera sa diskete). Kada to obavite, u jednom koraku resetujte mašinu i boot-ujte Windows 9x sa CD-a. Instalirajte isti na raspoloživu particiju (Windows 9x neće videti NTFS particije). Sada ponovo pokrenite disk manager sa diskete i postavite Windows 2000 particiju za aktivnu (tj. onu koja je bila pre promene). Reset i boot u Windows 2000. Napravite fajl READ.SCR sledeće sadržine:


umesto disk_no ide broj Windows 9x particije kako je vidi NT (2=C, 3=D, 4=E ...) u ovom slučaju bi bio broj 4 (L 100 4 0 1). Uđite u dir gde ste sačuvali fajl i odradite komandu:

debug <READ.SCR

Ovo će da napravi fajl C:bootsect.dos od podataka iz boot sektora sa Windows 9x particije. Otvorite C:boot.ini i dodajte sledeću liniju:


Reset i test :)


Windows 9x, Windows NT i Linux/BSD (GRUB & NT loader)

Pošto je već objašnjeno kako napraviti dual boot Windows 9x i Windows NT, sada je tema kako na taj disk dodati Linux i sva tri sistema podizati pomoću GRUB loadera. Kako veli supermod random, Linux može da se instalira i na logical drive-u, dok BSD sistemi nemogu.

Sitaucija:

C: (primary) Windows 9x FAT - active, GRUB
*: (extended)
D: (logical) Windows NT
/dev/hda3 (primary) Linux

Tokom instalacije Linuxa, izaberite da se GRUB instalira u MBR. GRUB će prepoznati Windows 9x particiju i ponuditi vam da joj date neko ?ime? pod kojim će da se pojavljuje kao opcija u boot meniju GRUB-a. Čak i ako je primary particija NTFS i na njoj instaliran neki Windows NT, GRUB bi trebao da je prepozna i ponudi da joj date ?ime?.

U slučaju da ste instalirali GRUB, a preskočili da odredite koje boot opcije želite, otvorite fajl /etc/grub.conf i dodajte sledeće linije:


Windows 9x, Windows NT i Linux/BSD (NT loader & GRUB)

Imamo 2 Windowsa koje podiže NT loader, a hoćemo da instaliramo Linux/BSD a da i dalje glavni loader bude NT-ov.

Situacija:

C: (primary) Windows 9x, FAT- active, NT loader
* : (extended)
D: (logical) Windows NT
/dev/hda3 (primary) Linux

Instalirajte Windows 9x, pa Windows NT. Zatim ide Linux, koji će prilikom instalacije da vas pita da li želite da se GRUB instalira u MBR ili boot sektor na njegovoj particiji ? odaberite boot sektor Linux particije. Podignite sistem sa Linux boot diskete i odradite:

dd if=/dev/hda3 of=/bootsect.lnx bs=512 count=1

Gde je /dev/hda3 Linux particija, a broj zavisi od toga kako ste podelili disk tj. na kojoj particiji je Linux. Ovo će da napravi fajl bootsect.lnx koji treba da iskopirate na C odnosno acitve particiju. Zatim treba dodati liniju u C:boot.ini :

C:BOOTSECT.LNX="Linux GRUB Boot"

To je to :)